mn.47 Majjhima Nikāya (Middle Discourses)

Thus have I heard: At one time the Lord was staying near Sāvatthī in the Jeta Grove in Anāthapiṇḍika's monastery. While he was there the Lord addressed the monks, saying: “Monks.” “Revered one,” these monks answered the Lord in assent. The Lord spoke thus: “Monks, an inquiring monk, learning the range of another's mind, should make a study of the Tathāgata so as to distinguish whether he is a fully Self-awakened One or not.” “For us, Lord, things are rooted in the Lord, have the Lord for their conduit, the Lord for their arbiter. Well for us, Lord, if the Lord would reveal the meaning of this saying; having heard the Lord, the monks will remember.” “Very well, monks; listen, attend carefully and I will speak.” “Yes, Lord,” these monks answered the Lord in assent. The Lord spoke thus:

“Monks, an inquiring monk, learning the range of another's mind, should make a study of the Tathāgata in regard to two things: things cognisable through the eye and through the ear, thinking: ‘Do those that are impure states cognisable through the eye and the ear, exist in a Tathāgata or not?’ While he is studying this he knows thus: ‘Those impure states which are cognisable through the eye and the ear do not exist in a Tathāgata.’

After he has studied this and knows thus: ‘Those impure states which are cognisable through the eye and the ear do not exist in a Tathāgata,’ he then studies further, thinking: ‘Do those that are mixed states cognisable through the eye and the ear exist in a Tathāgata or not?’ While he is studying this he knows thus: ‘Those mixed states cognisable through the eye and the ear do not exist in a Tathāgata.’

After he has studied this and knows thus: ‘Those mixed states cognisable through the eye and the ear do not exist in a Tathāgata,’ he then studies further, thinking: ‘Do those that are absolutely pure states cognisable through the eye and the ear exist in a Tathāgata or not?’ While he is studying this he knows thus: ‘Those which are absolutely pure states cognisable through the eye and the ear exist in a Tathāgata.’

After he has studied this and knows thus: ‘These absolutely pure states which are cognisable through the eye and the ear exist in the Tathāgata,’ he then studies further, thinking: ‘Has this venerable one been possessed of this skilled state for a long time or only for a short time?’ While he is studying this he knows thus: ‘This venerable one has been possessed of this skilled state for a long time, this venerable one has not been possessed of it for only a short time.’

After he has studied this and knows thus: ‘This venerable one has been possessed of this skilled state for a long time, this venerable one has not been possessed of it for only a short time,’ he then studies further: ‘Do there exist any perils for that venerable monk who has attained to fame and won renown?’ Monks, there are some perils that do not exist here for a monk, until he has attained to fame and won renown. It is, monks, after a monk has attained to fame and won renown, that some perils exist for him here. While he is studying this he knows thus: ‘Although the venerable monk has attained to fame and won renown, some perils do not exist for him here.’

After he has studied this and knows thus: ‘Although this venerable monk has attained to fame and won renown, some perils do not exist for him here,’ he then studies further: ‘Does this venerable one refrain out of fearlessness, does not he refrain out of fear? Is it because, through the destruction of attachment, that, being without attachment, he does not follow pleasures of the senses?’ As he is studying this he knows thus: ‘This venerable one refrains out of fearlessness, this venerable one refrains not out of fear; he does not follow pleasures of the senses because, through the destruction of attachment, he is without attachment.’

If, monks, others should question this monk thus: “What are the venerable one's facts, what his evidence by reason of which the venerable one speaks thus: ‘This venerable one refrains out of fearlessness, this venerable one refrains not out of fear; he does not follow pleasures of the senses because, through the destruction of attachment, he is without attachment’?” Monks, a monk answering properly would answer thus: “This venerable one, whether staying in an Order or staying alone, whether those near him are progressing well, whether they are progressing badly, whether they lead a group, whether they are engaged with any material things here, or whether they are unstained by any material things here; this venerable one does not despise them because of this. This have I heard face to face with the Lord, this have I learnt face to face with him: ‘I am restrained out of fearlessness, I am not restrained out of fear; without attachment because of the destruction of attachment, I do not follow pleasures of the senses.’”

Monks, the Tathāgata should himself be further questioned hereon: ‘Do those impure states cognisable through the eye and through the ear exist in the Tathāgata or not?’ Monks, in answering, a Tathāgata would answer thus, ‘Those impure states cognisable through the eye and through the ear do not exist in a Tathāgata.’ ‘Do those mixed states cognisable through the eye and through the ear exist in a Tathāgata or not?’ Monks, in answering, a Tathāgata would answer thus: ‘Those mixed states cognisable through the eye and through the ear do not exist in a Tathāgata.’ ‘Do those absolutely pure states cognisable through the eye and through the ear exist in a Tathāgata or not?’ Monks, in answering, a Tathāgata would answer thus: ‘Those absolutely pure states cognisable through the eye and through the ear exist in a Tathāgata. This is my path, this is my pasture and no one is like (me) in this.’

Monks, a disciple should draw near a teacher who speaks like this so as to hear Dhamma. From further to further, from excellence to excellence, the Teacher teaches him Dhamma, what is dark and what is bright, with their counterparts. As, monks, the Teacher gradually teaches Dhamma to the monk, from further to further, from excellence to excellence, what is dark and what is bright with their counterparts, so does he gradually, by his super-knowledge of point after point of Dhamma, come to fulfilment in Dhamma. He has confidence in the Teacher, that: ‘The Lord is a fully Self-awakened One, well taught is Dhamma by the Lord, the Order fares along well.’

Monks, if others should ask that monk: “But what are the venerable one's facts, what the evidence by reason of which he speaks thus: ‘The Lord is a fully Self-awakened one, well taught is Dhamma by the Lord, the Order fares along well?’” that monk, monks, answering rightly would answer thus: “I, your reverences, drew near the Lord so as to hear Dhamma. The Lord taught me Dhamma from further to further, from excellence to excellence, what is dark and what is bright with their counterparts. As the Lord gradually taught me Dhamma from further to further, from excellence to excellence, what is dark and what is bright with their counterparts, so did I gradually, by my super-knowledge of point after point in Dhamma, come to fulfilment in Dhamma. I have confidence in the Teacher, that: ‘The Lord is a fully Self-awakened One, well taught is Dhamma by the Lord, the Order fares along well.’”

Monks, in anyone in whom faith in the Teacher is established, rooted, supported by these methods, by these sentences, by these words, that faith is called reasoned, based on vision, strong; it is indestructible by a recluse, or brahman, or deva, or Māra, or a Brahmā, or by anyone in the world.

Thus, monks, does there come to be study of the Tathāgata's Dhamma, and thus does the Tathāgata come to be well studied in the proper manner.”

Thus spoke the Lord. Delighted, these monks rejoiced in what the Lord had said.

Thus have I heard. On one occasion the Blessed One was living at Sāvatthī in Jeta’s Grove, Anāthapiṇḍika’s Park. There he addressed the bhikkhus thus: “Bhikkhus.”—“Venerable sir,” they replied. The Blessed One said this:

“Bhikkhus, a bhikkhu who is an inquirer, not knowing how to gauge another’s mind, should make an investigation of the Tathāgata in order to find out whether or not he is fully enlightened.”

“Venerable sir, our teachings are rooted in the Blessed One, guided by the Blessed One, have the Blessed One as their resort. It would be good if the Blessed One would explain the meaning of these words. Having heard it from the Blessed One, the bhikkhus will remember it.”

“Then listen, bhikkhus, and attend closely to what I shall say.”

“Yes, venerable sir,” the bhikkhus replied. The Blessed One said this:

“Bhikkhus, a bhikkhu who is an inquirer, not knowing how to gauge another’s mind, should investigate the Tathāgata with respect to two kinds of states, states cognizable through the eye and through the ear thus: ‘Are there found in the Tathāgata or not any defiled states cognizable through the eye or through the ear?’ When he investigates him, he comes to know: ‘No defiled states cognizable through the eye or through the ear are found in the Tathāgata.’

“When he comes to know this, he investigates him further thus: ‘Are there found in the Tathāgata or not any mixed states cognizable through the eye or through the ear?’ When he investigates him, he comes to know: ‘No mixed states cognizable through the eye or through the ear are found in the Tathāgata.’

“When he comes to know this, he investigates him further thus: ‘Are there found in the Tathāgata or not cleansed states cognizable through the eye or through the ear?’ When he investigates him, he comes to know: ‘Cleansed states cognizable through the eye or through the ear are found in the Tathāgata.’

“When he comes to know this, he investigates him further thus: ‘Has this venerable one attained this wholesome state over a long time or did he attain it recently?’ When he investigates him, he comes to know: ‘This venerable one has attained this wholesome state over a long time; he did not attain it only recently.’

“When he comes to know this, he investigates him further thus: ‘Has this venerable one acquired renown and attained fame, so that the dangers connected with renown and fame are found in him?’ For, bhikkhus, as long as a bhikkhu has not acquired renown and attained fame, the dangers connected with renown and fame are not found in him; but when he has acquired renown and attained fame, those dangers are found in him. When he investigates him, he comes to know: ‘This venerable one has acquired renown and attained fame, but the dangers connected with renown and fame are not found in him.’

“When he comes to know this, he investigates him further thus: ‘Is this venerable one restrained without fear, not restrained by fear, and does he avoid indulging in sensual pleasures because he is without lust through the destruction of lust?’ When he investigates him, he comes to know: ‘This venerable one is restrained without fear, not restrained by fear, and he avoids indulging in sensual pleasure because he is without lust through the destruction of lust.’

“Now, bhikkhus, if others should ask that bhikkhu thus: ‘What are the venerable one’s reasons and what is his evidence whereby he says: “That venerable one is restrained without fear, not restrained by fear, and he avoids indulging in sensual pleasures because he is without lust through the destruction of lust”?’—answering rightly, that bhikkhu would answer thus: ‘Whether that venerable one dwells in the Sangha or alone, while some there are well behaved and some are ill behaved and some there teach a group, while some here are seen concerned about material things and some are unsullied by material things, still that venerable one does not despise anyone because of that. And I have heard and learned this from the Blessed One’s own lips: “I am restrained without fear, not restrained by fear, and I avoid indulging in sensual pleasures because I am without lust through the destruction of lust.”’

“The Tathāgata, bhikkhus, should be questioned further about that thus: ‘Are there found in the Tathāgata or not any defiled states cognizable through the eye or through the ear?’ The Tathāgata would answer thus: ‘No defiled states cognizable through the eye or through the ear are found in the Tathāgata.’

“If asked, ‘Are there found in the Tathāgata or not any mixed states cognizable through the eye or through the ear?’ the Tathāgata would answer thus: ‘No mixed states cognizable through the eye or through the ear are found in the Tathāgata.’

”If asked, ‘Are there found in the Tathāgata or not cleansed states cognizable through the eye or through the ear?’ the Tathāgata would answer thus: ‘Cleansed states cognizable through the eye or through the ear are found in the Tathāgata. They are my pathway and my domain, yet I do not identify with them.’

“Bhikkhus, a disciple should approach the Teacher who speaks thus in order to hear the Dhamma. The Teacher teaches him the Dhamma with its higher and higher levels, with its more and more sublime levels, with its dark and bright counterparts. As the Teacher teaches the Dhamma to a bhikkhu in this way, through direct knowledge of a certain teaching here in that Dhamma, the bhikkhu comes to a conclusion about the teachings. He places confidence in the Teacher thus: ‘The Blessed One is fully enlightened, the Dhamma is well proclaimed by the Blessed One, the Sangha is practising the good way.’

“Now if others should ask that bhikkhu thus: ‘What are the venerable one’s reasons and what is his evidence whereby he says, “The Blessed One is fully enlightened, the Dhamma is well proclaimed by the Blessed One, the Sangha is practising the good way”?’—answering rightly, that bhikkhu would answer thus: ‘Here, friends, I approached the Blessed One in order to hear the Dhamma. The Blessed One taught me the Dhamma with its higher and higher levels, with its more and more sublime levels, with its dark and bright counterparts. As the Blessed One taught the Dhamma to me in this way, through direct knowledge of a certain teaching here in that Dhamma, I came to a conclusion about the teachings. I placed confidence in the Teacher thus: ”The Blessed One is fully enlightened, the Dhamma is well proclaimed by the Blessed One, the Sangha is Dhamma is well proclaimed by the Blessed One, the Sangha is practising the good way.”’

“Bhikkhus, when anyone’s faith has been planted, rooted, and established in the Tathāgata through these reasons, terms, and phrases, his faith is said to be supported by reasons, rooted in vision, firm; it is invincible by any recluse or brahmin or god or Māra or Brahmā or by anyone in the world. That is how, bhikkhus, there is an investigation of the Tathāgata in accordance with the Dhamma, and that is how the Tathāgata is well investigated in accordance with the Dhamma.”

That is what the Blessed One said. The bhikkhus were satisfied and delighted in the Blessed One’s words.