Summary
1. What is view? How many kinds of standpoints for views are there? How many kinds of obsession by views are there? How many kinds of views are there? How many kinds of misinterpretation by views are there? What is the eradication of standpoints for views?
- What is view? Misapprehending by misinterpreting is view.
- How many kinds of standpoints for views are there? There are eight kinds of standpoints for views.
- How many kinds of obsession by views are there? There are eighteen kinds of obsession by views.
- How many kinds of views are there? There are sixteen kinds of views.
- How many kinds of misinterpretation by views are there? There are three hundred kinds of misinterpretation by views.
- What is the abolition of standpoints for views? The stream-entry path is the abolition of standpoints for views.
Section I
2. How is it that misapprehension by misinterpretation is view?
Misapprehending by misinterpreting materiality thus “This is mine, this is I, this is my self” is view. Misapprehending by misinterpreting feeling thus “This is mine, this is I, this is my self” is view. Misapprehending by misinterpreting perception … [and so on with 198 of the 201 ideas listed in Tr. I § 5, excluding the last three (supramundane) faculties, up to] …. Misapprehending by misinterpreting ageing-and-death thus “This is mine, this is I, this is my self” is view.
That is how misapprehension by misinterpretation is view.
Section II
3. What are the eight kinds of standpoints for views?
The aggregates are a standpoint for views, ignorance is a standpoint for views, contact …, perception …, applied-thought …, careless attention …, a bad friend …, indoctrination by another is a standpoint for views.
4. The aggregates are a cause, the aggregates are a condition, in the sense of origination, for the arising of views, thus the aggregates are a standpoint for views. Ignorance … Contact … Perception … Applied-thought … Careless attention … A bad friend … Indoctrination by another is a cause, indoctrination by another is a condition, in the sense of origination, for the arising of views, thus indoctrination by another is a standpoint for views.
These are the eight kinds of standpoints for views.
Section III
5. What are the eighteen kinds of obsession by views?
Any view that is a recourse to views, thicket of views, wilderness of views, clash of views, travesty of views, fetter of views, dart of views, constraint of views, impediment of views, thong of views, pitfall of views, underlying-tendency to views, burning (torment) of views, fever (anguish) of views, knot of views, clinging of views, misinterpretation by views, misapprehension through views.
These are the eighteen kinds of obsession by views.
Section IV
6. What are the sixteen kinds of views?
They are:
- (hedonistic) gratification views,
- views about self,
- wrong view,
- views about individuality,
- views of eternity based on individuality,
- views of annihilation based on individuality,
- views assuming finiteness,
- views about past finiteness,
- views about future finiteness,
- views that fetter [to harm],
- views that shackle with the conceit “I”,
- views that shackle with the conceit “mine”,
- views associated with self-theories,
- views associated with world-theories,
- view of being [as eternity],
- view of non-being [as annihilation],
These are the sixteen kinds of views.
Section V
7. In how many aspects is there misinterpretation through gratification views?
In how many aspects is there misinterpretation through views about self?
… through wrong view?
… through views about individuality?
… through views of eternity based on individuality?
… through views of annihilation based on individuality?
… through views assuming finiteness?
… through views about past finiteness?
… through views about future finiteness?
… through views that fetter [to harm]?
… through views that shackle with the conceit “I”?
… through views that shackle with the conceit “mine”?
… through views associated with the self theories?
… through views associated with world theories?
… through views about [eternal] being?
In how many aspects is there misinterpretation through views about non-being?
There is misinterpretation through gratification views in 35 aspects.
There is misinterpretation through views about self in 20 aspects.
… through wrong view in 10 aspects,
… through views about individuality in 20 aspects.
… through views of eternity based on individuality in 15 aspects.
… through views of annihilation based on individuality in 5 aspects.
… through views assuming finiteness in 50 aspects.
… through views about past finiteness in 18 aspects.
… through views about future finiteness in 44 aspects.
… through views that fetter in 18 aspects.
… through views that shackle with the conceit “I” in 18 aspects.
… through views that shackle with the conceit “mine” in 18 aspects.
… through views associated with self-theories in 20 aspects.
… through views associated with world-theories in 8 aspects.
… through views about being in 1 aspect.
There is misinterpretation through views about non-being in 1 aspect.
(i)
8. In what 35 aspects is there misinterpretation through (hedonistic) gratification views?
(1) “Any pleasure and joy that arises dependent on materiality is the gratification in the case of materiality”, and any misapprehension and misinterpretation [of that gratification] is the view. The view is not the gratification, and the gratification is not the view; the view is one and the gratification is another; the view and the gratification [together] are called the (hedonistic) gratification view.
9. The (hedonistic) gratification view is a wrong view; wrong view is mistaken view. A person possessed of that mistaken view is mistaken in his view. A person mistaken in his view should not be cultivated, frequented, or honoured. Why not? Because his view contaminates.
10. Any greed for the view is not the view, and the view is not the greed; the view is one, and the greed another; the view and the greed [together] are called greed for views. A person possessed of that view and that greed is a person inflamed by [greed for] views. A gift given to a person inflamed by [greed for] views does not bear great fruit or great benefits. Why not? Because his view contaminates.
11. The (hedonistic) gratification view is a wrong view; a person with wrong view has two destinations, namely, hell or the animal generation. When a person has wrong view, his bodily actions and his verbal actions and his mental actions performed and completed according to that view, and any volition and aspiration and desire and action-formation of his are all ideas that lead to the unwanted, to the undesired, to the unwelcome, to harm, and to suffering. Why so? Because his view contaminates.
12. Just as when a nimba seed or a kosataki seed or a bitter-gourd seed is placed in damp soil and any solid humus or liquid humus taken up by it, all of it leads to bitterness, to sharpness, to unsatisfactoriness—Why so? Because the seed contaminates—, so too, a person with wrong view has two destinations; … [repeat as above] … Why so? because his view contaminates.
13. The (hedonistic) gratification view is wrong view. Wrong view is a recourse to views, thicket of views, … [repeat § 5] … misapprehension by views.
14.–7. (2)–(5) Any pleasure and joy that arises dependent on feeling … [and so on, repeating § 8 for each of the remaining four aggregates].
18.–23. (6)–(11) Any pleasure and joy that arises dependent on eye … [and so on with each of the six internal bases].
24.–9. (12)–(17) Any pleasure and joy that arises dependent on visible objects … [and so on with each of the six external bases].
30.–5. (18)–(23) Any pleasure and joy that arises dependent on eye consciousness … [and so on with each of the six kinds of consciousness].
36.–41. (24)–(29) Any pleasure and joy that arises dependent on eye contact … [and so on with each of the six kinds of contact].
42.–7. (30)–(35) Any pleasure and joy that arises dependent on eye-contact-born feeling … [and so on with each of the six kinds of feeling up to] …
The (hedonistic) gratification view is wrong view. Wrong view is a recourse to views, thicket of views, … [repeat as at the end of § 9] … misapprehension by views.
48. [Such wrong view is] a bond for the mind obsessed in these eighteen aspects [beginning with the recourse to views]. [But] there are fetters that are views as well, and there are fetters that are not views.
What fetters are views as well? [Wrong] views about individuality, and misapprehension of virtue and duty. These fetters are views as well.
What fetters are not views? The fetters of greed for sensual-desires, of resistance, of conceit (pride), of uncertainty, of greed for being, of envy, of avarice, of underlying tendency, and of ignorance … These fetters are not views.
There is misinterpretation through (hedonistic) gratification view in these 35 aspects.
(ii)
49. In what 20 aspects is there misinterpretation through views about self?
Here an untaught ordinary man who disregards the Noble Ones, is ignorant of the Noble Ones' True Idea, undisciplined in the Noble Ones' True Idea, who disregards Good Men, is ignorant of Good Men's True Idea, undisciplined in Good Men's True Idea,
(1) sees materiality as self, or (2) self possessed of materiality, or (3) materiality in self, or (4) self in materiality; or (5) he sees feeling as self, or (6) self possessed of feeling, or (7) feeling in self, or (8) self in feeling; or (9) he sees perception as self, or (10) self possessed of perception, or (11) perception in self, or (12) self in perception; or (13) he sees formations as self, or (14) self possessed of formations, or (15) formations in self, or (16) self in formations; or (17) he sees consciousness as self, or (18) self possessed of consciousness, or (19) consciousness in self, or (20) self in consciousness.
50. (1) How does he see materiality as self? Here someone sees the earth kasina as self thus “What the earth kasina is, that I am; what I am, that the earth kasina is”, and he sees the earth kasina and self as identical. Just as one sees a lighted lamp's flame and colour as identical, thus “What the flame is, that the colour is; what the colour is, that the flame is”, so too, here someone sees … identical.
Misapprehension by misinterpretation is the view. The view is not the ground and the ground is not the view; the view is one, and the ground another. The view and the ground [together] are the first kind of view about self with materiality as ground.
51. Views about self are a wrong view; … [repeat §§ 9–13].
52. [Such wrong view is] a bond for the mind … [repeat § 48].
53.–5. Here someone sees the water kasina as self … [as in §§ 50–2].
56.–8. Here someone sees the fire kasina as self …
59.–61. Here someone sees the air kasina as self …
62.–4. Here someone sees the blue kasina as self …
65.–7. Here someone sees the yellow kasina as self …
68.–70. Here someone sees the red kasina as self …
71.–3. Here someone sees the white kasina as self …
That is how he sees materiality as self.
74. (2) How does he see self possessed of materiality?
Here someone sees feeling, … perception, … formations, … consciousness as self. He thinks “This is my self; but this self of mine is possessed of materiality by means of this materiality” and thus sees self possessed of materiality. Just as, were there a tree possessed of shade, such that a man might say “This is the tree, this is the shade; the tree is one, the shade is another; but this tree is possessed of shade by means of this shade” and thus see the tree possessed of shade, so too, here someone sees … possessed of materiality.
Misapprehension by misinterpretation is view. The view is not the ground and the ground is not the view; the view is one, and the ground is another. The view and the ground [together] are the second kind of view about self with materiality as ground.
75. Views about self are wrong view …
76. [Such wrong view is] a bond for the mind …
That is how he sees self possessed of materiality.
77. (3) How does he see materiality in self? Here someone sees feeling, … perception, … formations, … consciousness as self. He thinks “This is my self; but this materiality is in the self”, and thus sees materiality in self. Just as, were there a scented flower such that a man might say “This is the flower, this is the scent; the flower is one, and the scent another; but this scent is in this flower”, and thus see the scent in the flower, so too, here someone sees … materiality in self.
Misapprehension by misinterpretation is view. The view is not the ground, and the ground is not the view; the view is one, and the ground another. The view and the ground [together] are the third kind of view about self with materiality as ground.
78. Views about self are wrong view …
79. [Such wrong view is] a bond for the mind …
That is how he sees materiality in self.
80. (4) How does he see self in materiality? Here someone sees feeling, … perception, … formations, … consciousness as self. He thinks “This is my self; but this self of mine is in this materiality”, and thus he sees self in materiality. Just as, were there a gem placed in a casket such that a man might say “This is the gem, this is the casket; the gem is one, and the casket another; but this gem is in this casket”, and thus sees the gem in the casket, so too, here someone sees … self in materiality.
Misapprehension … The view and the ground [together] are the fourth kind of view about self with materiality as ground.
81. Views about self are wrong view …
82. [Such wrong view is] a bond for the mind …
That is how he sees self in materiality.
83. (5) How does he see feeling as self? Here someone sees eye-contact-born feeling, … ear-contact-born feeling, … nose-contact-born feeling, … tongue-contact-born feeling, … body-contact-born feeling, … mind-contact-born feeling as self thus “What mind-contact-born feeling is, that I am; what I am, that mind-contact-born feeling is”, and he sees the mind-contact-born feeling and self as identical. Just as … [simile as in § 50], … so too, here someone sees … identical.
Misapprehension … [as in § 50] … The view and the ground [together] are the first kind of view about self with feeling as ground.
84. Views about self are wrong view …
85. [Such wrong view is] a bond for the mind …
That is how he sees feeling as self.
86.–8. (6) How does he see self possessed of feeling? Here someone sees perception … formations … consciousness … materiality as self. He thinks “This is my self; but this self of mine is possessed of feeling by means of this feeling”, and thus sees self possessed of feeling. Just as, … [complete as in §§ 74–6 with same simile and appropriate adjustments].
That is how he sees self possessed of feeling.
89.–91. (7) How does he see feeling in self? Here someone sees … perception … formations … consciousness … materiality as self. He thinks “This is my self; but this feeling is in this self”, and thus sees feeling in self. Just as … [simile as in § 77].
That is how he sees feeling in self.
92.–4. (8) How does he see self in feeling? Here someone sees perception … formations … consciousness … materiality as self. He thinks “This is my self; but this self of mine is in this feeling”, and thus sees self in feeling. Just as, … [simile as in § 80].
That is how he sees self in feeling.
95.–7. (9) How does he see perception as self? Here someone sees eye-contact-born perception … ear-contact-born perception … nose-contact-born perception … tongue-contact-born perception … body-contact-born perception … mind-contact-born perception as self thus …
That is how he sees perception as self.
98.–100. (10) How does he see self possessed of perception? Here someone sees formations … consciousness … materiality … feeling as self. He thinks “This is my self; but this self of mine is possessed of this perception by means of this perception”, and thus sees self possessed of perception. Just as …
That is how he sees self possessed of perception.
101.–3. (11) How does he see perception in self? Here someone sees formations … consciousness … materiality … feeling as self. He thinks “This is my self; but this perception is in this self”, and thus sees perception in self. Just as …
That is how he sees perception in self.
104.–6. (12) How does he see self in perception? Here someone sees formations … consciousness … materiality … feeling as self. He thinks “This is my self; but this self of mine is in this perception”, and he sees self in perception. Just as …
That is how he sees self in perception.
107.–9. (13) How does he see formations as self? Here someone sees eye-contact-born volition … mind-contact-born volition as self thus “What mind-contact-born volition is …” as identical. Just as …
That is how he sees formations as self.
110.–12. (14) How does he see self as possessed of formations? Here someone sees consciousness … perception as self. He thinks “This is my self; but this self of mine is possessed of formations by means of these formations”, and thus sees self possessed of formations. Just as …
That is how he sees self as possessed of formations.
113.–15. (15) How does he see formations in self? Here someone sees consciousness … perception as self. He thinks “This is my self; but these formations are in this self”, and thus sees formations in self. Just as …
That is how he sees formations in self.
116.–8. (16) How does he see self in formations? Here someone sees consciousness … perception as self. He thinks “This is my self; but this my self is in these formations”, and thus he sees self in formations. Just as …
That is how he sees self in formations.
119.–21. (17) How does he see consciousness as self? Here someone sees eye-consciousness … ear-consciousness … nose-consciousness … tongue-consciousness … body-consciousness … mind-consciousness as self thus “What mind-consciousness is, that I am; what I am, that mind-consciousness is”, and he sees the mind-consciousness and self as identical. Just as one sees a lighted lamp's flame …
That is how he sees consciousness as self.
122.–4. (18) How does he see self possessed of consciousness? Here someone sees materiality … feeling … perception … formations as self. He thinks “This is my self; but this my self is possessed of consciousness by means of this consciousness”, and sees self possessed of consciousness. Just as, were there a tree …
That is how he sees self possessed of consciousness.
125.–7. (19) How does he see consciousness in self? Here someone sees materiality … formations as self. He thinks “This is my self; but this consciousness is in this self”, and thus sees consciousness in self. Just as, were there a scented flower …
That is how he sees consciousness in self.
128. (20) How does he see self in consciousness? Here someone sees materiality … formations as self. He thinks “This is my self: but this, my self, is in this consciousness”, and thus sees self in consciousness. Just as, were there a gem … consciousness in self.
Misapprehension … The view and the ground [together] are the fourth kind of view about self with consciousness as ground.
129. Views about self are wrong view … [as in §§ 9–13] … misapprehension by views.
130. [Such wrong view is] a bond for the mind … [as in § 48] … These fetters are not views.
That is how he sees self in consciousness.
There is misinterpretation through views about self in these 20 aspects.
(iii)
131. In what 10 aspects is there misinterpretation through wrong view?
(1) Nothing is given: this is a ground. Misapprehension by misinterpretation due to the wrong view that asserts thus is the view. The view is not the ground, and the ground is not the view; the view is one, and the ground is another. The view and the ground [together] are the first wrong view with a wrong ground.
132. Wrong view is mistaken view. A person … [and so on as in § 9 up to] … misapprehension by views.
133. [Such wrong view is] a bond for the mind … [and so on as in § 48 up to] … These fetters are not views.
134.–6. (2) Nothing is offered: this is a ground …
137.–9. (3) Nothing is sacrificed: this is a ground …
140.–2. (4) There is no result of good and bad actions: this is a ground …
143.–5. (5) There is no this world: this is a ground …
146.–8. (6) There is no other world: this is a ground …
149.–51. (7) There is no mother: this is a ground …
152.–4. (8) There is no father: this is a ground …
155.–7. (9) There are no apparitional beings: this is a ground …
158. (10) There are no good and virtuous ascetics and brahmans that have themselves realized by direct knowledge and declare this world and the other world: this is a ground … The view and the ground [together] are the tenth wrong view with a wrong ground.
159. Wrong view is mistaken view. A person … misapprehension by views.
160. [Such wrong view is] a bond for the mind … These fetters are not views.
There is misinterpretation through wrong view in these 10 aspects.
(iv)
161. In what 20 aspects is there misinterpretation through views about individuality?
Here an untaught ordinary man … [and so on as in § 49] … or (20) self in consciousness.
162.–222. (1) How does he see materiality as self? Here someone … [repeat §§ 50–130] …
There is misinterpretation through views about individuality in these 20 aspects.
(v)
223. In what 15 aspects is there misinterpretation through views of eternity based on individuality?
Here an untaught ordinary man … [and so on as in § 49] … (1) sees self possessed of materiality, or (2) materiality in self, or (3) self in materiality; or (4) he sees self possessed of feeling, or (5) feeling in self, or (6) self in feeling; or (7) he sees self possessed of perception, or (8) perception in self, or (9) self in perception; or (10) he sees self possessed of formations, or (11) formations in self, or (12) self in formations; or (13) he sees self possessed of consciousness, or (14) consciousness in self, or (15) self in consciousness.
224.–84. (1) How does he see self possessed of materiality? Here someone … [repeat §§ 74–82, 86–94, 98–106, 110–18, 122–30] … There is misinterpretation through views of eternity based on individuality in these 15 aspects.
(vi)
285. In what 5 aspects is there misinterpretation through views of annihilation based on individuality?
Here an untaught ordinary man … [and so on as in § 49] … (1) sees materiality as self, or (2) feeling as self, or (3) perception as self, or (4) formations as self, or (5) consciousness as self.
286.–321. (1) How does he see materiality as self? Here someone … [repeat §§ 50–73, 83–5, 95–7, 107–9, 119–21] …
There is misinterpretation through views of annihilation based on individuality in these 5 aspects.
(vii)
322. In what 50 aspects is there misinterpretation through views assuming [by asserting or denying] finiteness?
In how many aspects is there misinterpretation through the view assuming finiteness thus “The world is eternal”?
In how many aspects is there misinterpretation through the view assuming finiteness thus “The world is not eternal”?
… through the view assuming finiteness thus “The world has an end [in space]”?
… thus “The world has no end [in space]”?
… thus “The soul and the body are the same”?
… thus “The soul is one, and the body is another”?
… thus “A Perfect One is after death”?
… thus “A Perfect One is not after death”?
… thus “A Perfect One both is and is not after death”?
In how many aspects is there misinterpretation through the view assuming finiteness thus “A Perfect One neither is nor is not after death”?
There is misinterpretation through the view assuming finiteness in five aspects in [each of the 10 instances just mentioned].
323. In what five aspects is there misinterpretation through the view assuming finiteness thus “The world is eternal”?
(1) Misapprehension by misinterpretation thus “Materiality is the world and it is eternal” is a view. Finiteness is assumed by that view, thus it is a view assuming finiteness. The view is not the ground, and the ground is not the view; the view is one, and the ground is another. The view and the ground [together] are the first view assuming finiteness thus “The world is eternal”.
324. A view assuming finiteness is wrong view; wrong view is mistaken view … [and so on as in § 9] …
325. [Such wrong view is] a bond for the mind … [and so on as in § 46] … These fetters are not views.
326.–8. (2) Misapprehension by misinterpretation thus “Feeling is the world and it is eternal” is a view …
329.–31. (3) … thus “Perception is the world and it is eternal” …
332.–4. (4) … thus “Formations are the world and they are eternal” …
335. (5) … thus “Consciousness is the world and it is eternal” … The view and the ground [together] are the fifth view assuming finiteness thus “The world is eternal”.
336.–7. A view assuming finiteness is wrong view … There is misinterpretation in these five aspects through the view assuming finiteness thus “The world is eternal”.
338. In what five aspects is there misinterpretation through the view assuming finiteness thus “The world is not eternal”?
(6) Misapprehension by misinterpretation thus “Materiality is the world and it is not eternal” is a view. Finiteness is assumed by that view … The view and the ground [together] are the first view assuming finiteness thus “The world is not eternal”.
339.–40. A view assuming finiteness is wrong view …
341.–52. (7)–(10) Misapprehension by misinterpretation thus “Feeling is the world and it is not eternal” … [and similarly for the rest of the five aggregates] … There is misinterpretation in these five aspects through the view assuming finiteness thus “The world is not eternal”.
353. In what five aspects is there misinterpretation through the view assuming finiteness thus “The world has an end”?
(11) Here someone is intent upon (pervades) a limited space as blue. He thinks “The world has an end, is circumscribed”, and thus perceives an end. Misapprehension by misinterpretation thus “What he is intent upon is the ground and is the world, and that by which he is intent upon is the self and it is the world” is a view. Finiteness is assumed by that view. The view is not the ground … the first view assuming finiteness thus “The world has an end”.
354.–5. A view assuming finiteness is wrong view … These fetters are not views.
356.–7. (12) Here someone is intent upon (pervades) a limited space as yellow …
(13) Here someone is intent upon (pervades) a limited space as red …
(14) Here someone is intent upon (pervades) a limited space as white …
(15) Here someone is intent upon (pervades) a limited space as luminous …
There is misinterpretation in these five aspects through the view assuming finiteness thus “The world has an end”.
358. In what five aspects is there misinterpretation through the view assuming one extreme thus “The world has no end”?
(16) Here someone is intent upon (pervades) an ample space as blue. He thinks “This world has no end, is endless”, and thus perceives no end. Misapprehension by misinterpretation thus “What” … the first view assuming finiteness thus “The world has no end”.
359.–60. A view assuming finiteness is wrong view … These fetters are not views.
361.–72. (17)–(20) Here someone is intent upon (pervades) an ample space as yellow … as red … as white … as luminous … There is misinterpretation in these five aspects through the view assuming finiteness thus “The world has no end”.
373. In what five aspects is there misinterpretation through the view assuming finiteness thus “The soul and the body are the same”?
(21) Misapprehension by misinterpretation thus “Materiality is the soul and the body; the soul and the body are the same” is a view. Finiteness is assumed by that view … the first view assuming finiteness thus “The soul and the body are the same”.
374.–5. A view assuming finiteness is wrong view … These fetters are not views.
376.–87. (22)–(25) Misapprehension by misinterpretation thus “Feeling … Perception … Formations … Consciousness is the soul and the body … ” There is misinterpretation in these five aspects through the view assuming finiteness thus “The soul and the body are the same”.
388. In what five aspects is there misinterpretation through the view assuming finiteness thus “The soul is one, and the body is another”?
(26) Misapprehension by misinterpretation thus “Materiality is the body, and the soul is not the body; the soul is one, and the body is another” is a view. Finiteness is assumed by that view … the first view assuming an extreme thus “The soul is one, and the body is another”.
389.–90. A view assuming finiteness is wrong view … These tethers are not views.
391.–402. (27)–(30) Misapprehension by misinterpretation thus “Feeling … Perception … Formations … Consciousness is the body, and the soul is not the body; …”
There is misinterpretation in these five aspects through the view assuming finiteness thus “The soul is one, and the body is another”.
403. In what five aspects is there misinterpretation through the view assuming finiteness thus “A Perfect One is after death”?
(31) Misapprehension by misinterpretation thus “It is only materiality that carries the idea of death here; a Perfect One, on the break-up of the body, is and remains and arises and is generated” is a view. Finiteness is assumed by that view … the first view assuming an extreme thus “A Perfect One is after death”.
404.–5. A view assuming finiteness is wrong view … These fetters are not views.
406.–17. (32)–(35) Misapprehension by misinterpretation thus “It is only feeling … perception … formations … consciousness that carries the idea of death here; ”
There is misinterpretation in these five aspects through the view assuming finiteness thus “A Perfect One is after death”.
418. In what five aspects is there misinterpretation through the view assuming finiteness thus “A Perfect One is not after death”?
(36) Misapprehension by misinterpretation thus “It is only materiality that carries the idea of death here; a Perfect One, on the break-up of the body, is annihilated, lost; a Perfect One is not after death” is a view. Finiteness is assumed by that view … the first view assuming finiteness thus “A Perfect One is not after death”.
419.–20. A view assuming finiteness is wrong view … These fetters are not views.
421.–32. (37)–(40) Misapprehension by misunderstanding thus “It is only feeling … perception … formations … consciousness that carries the idea of death here, …”
There is misinterpretation in these five aspects through the view assuming finiteness thus “A Perfect One is not after death”.
433. In what five aspects is there misinterpretation through the view assuming finiteness thus “A Perfect One both is and is not after death”?
(41) Misapprehension by misinterpretation thus “It is only materiality that carries the idea of death here; a Perfect One, on the break-up of the body, both is and is not” is a view. Finiteness is assumed by that view … the first view assuming finiteness thus “A Perfect One both is and is not after death”.
434.–5. A view assuming finiteness is wrong view … These fetters are not views.
436.–47. (42)–(45) Misapprehension by misinterpretation thus “It is only feeling … perception … formations … consciousness that carries the idea of death here; … ”
There is misinterpretation in these five aspects through the view assuming finiteness thus “A Perfect One both is and is not after death”.
448. In what five aspects is there misinterpretation through the view assuming finiteness thus “A Perfect One neither is nor is not after death”?
(46) Misapprehension by misinterpretation thus “It is only materiality that carries the idea of death here; a Perfect One, on the break-up of the body, neither is nor is not” is a view. Finiteness is assumed by that view … the first view assuming finiteness thus “A Perfect One neither is nor is not after death”.
449.–50. A view assuming finiteness is wrong view … These fetters are not views.
451.–62. (47)–(50) Misapprehension by misinterpretation thus “It is only feeling … perception … formations … consciousness that carries the idea of death here; …”
There is misinterpretation in these five aspects through the view assuming finiteness thus “A Perfect One neither is nor is not after death”.
There is misinterpretation in these 50 aspects through the view assuming finiteness.
(xiii)
463. In what 18 aspects is there misinterpretation through views about past finiteness? (see Brahmajālasuttanta)
There are four kinds of theorists about eternity, four kinds of theorists about partial eternity, four finite-infinitists, four eel-wrigglers, and two fortuitous-originists.
There is misinterpretation in these 18 aspects through views about past finiteness.
(ix)
464. In what 44 aspects is there misinterpretation through views about future finiteness? (see Brahmajālasuttanta)
There are sixteen kinds of theorists of percipience, eight kinds of theorists of non-percipience, eight kinds of theorists of neither-percipience-nor-non-percipience, seven kinds of theorists of annihilation, and five kinds of theorists of nibbana-here-and-now.
There is misinterpretation in these 44 aspects through views about future finiteness.
(x)
465. In what 18 aspects is there misinterpretation through views that fetter?
Any view that is a recourse to views, … [repeat § 5] … misapprehension through views.
There is misinterpretation in these 18 aspects through views that fetter.
(xi)
466. In what 18 aspects is there misinterpretation through views that shackle with the conceit “I”?
(1) Misapprehension by misinterpreting the eye as “I” is a view that shackles with the conceit “I”. The view is not the ground … this is the first view that shackles with the conceit “I”.
467.–8. The view that shackles with the conceit “I” is wrong view … These fetters are not views.
469.–70. (2) Misapprehension by misinterpreting the ear as “I” is a view that shackles with the conceit “I” …
471.–515. (3) … the nose … (4) … the tongue … (5) … the body … (6) … the mind … (7) … visible objects … (8) sounds … (9) odours … (10) … flavours … (11) … tangible objects … (12) … ideas … (13) … eye-consciousness … (14) ear-consciousness … (15) … nose-consciousness … (16) … tongue-consciousness … (17) … body-consciousness …
516.–8. (18) Misapprehension by misinterpreting mind-consciousness as “I” is a view that shackles with the conceit “I” … There is misinterpretation in these 18 aspects through views that shackle with the conceit “I”.
(xii)
519. In what 18 aspects is there misinterpretation through views that shackle with the conceit “mine”?
(1) Misapprehension by misinterpreting the eye as “mine” is a view that shackles with the conceit “mine”. The view is not the ground … this is the first view that shackles with the conceit “mine”.
520.–1. The view that shackles with the conceit “mine” is wrong view … These fetters are not views.
522.–4. (2) Misapprehension by misinterpreting the ear as “mine” is a view that shackles with the conceit “mine” …
525.–69. (3) … the nose … [and so on as in §§ 471–515] …
570.–2. (18) Misapprehension by misinterpreting mind-consciousness as “mine” is a view that shackles with the conceit “mine” …
There is misinterpretation in these 18 aspects through views that shackle with the conceit “mine”.
(xiii)
573.–654. In what 20 aspects is there misinterpretation through views associated with self-theories?
Here an untaught ordinary man … [repeat §§ 49–130] …
There is misinterpretation in these twenty aspects through views associated with self theories.
(xiv)
655.–7. In what 8 aspects is there misinterpretation through views associated with world-theories?
(1) Misapprehension by misinterpretation thus “Self and the world are eternal” is a view associated with a world-theory. The view is not the ground … These fetters are not views.
658.–60. (2) Misapprehension by misinterpretation thus “Self and the world are not eternal” is a view associated with a world-theory …
661.–3. (3) … thus “Self and the world are both eternal and not eternal” …
664.–6. (4) … thus “Self and the world are neither eternal nor not eternal” …
667.–9. (5) … thus “Self and the world are finite” …
670.–2. (6) … thus “Self and the world are infinite” …
673.–5. (7) … thus “Self and the world are both finite and infinite” …
676.–8. (8) … thus “Self and the world are neither finite nor infinite” … These fetters are not views.
There is misinterpretation in these 8 aspects through views associated with world theories.
(xv)
679. Misinterpretation through holding back is the view of being [as eternity].
(xvi)
680. Misinterpretation through overreaching is the view of non-being [as annihilation].
Cross-classification
681. How many kinds of (xv) view of being and how many kinds of (xvi) view of non-being are (i) misinterpretation in 35 aspects through the hedonistic (attraction) view?
How many kinds of (xv) view of being and how many kinds of (xvi) view of non-being are (ii) misinterpretation in 20 aspects through views about self?
How many kinds of view of being and how many kinds of view of non-being are misinterpretation in 10 aspects through wrong view?
How many kinds of view of being …
How many kinds of (xv) view of being and how many kinds of (xvi) view of non-being are (xiv) misinterpretation in 8 aspects through views associated with world-theories?
682. (i) Misinterpretation in 35 aspects through the hedonistic (attraction) view can [all] be either (xv) view of being or (xvi) view of non-being.
683. (ii) Misinterpretation in 20 aspects through views about self is 15 kinds of (xv) view of being and 5 kinds of (xvi) view of non-being.
684. (iii) Misinterpretation in 10 aspects through wrong view is all (xvi) view of non-being.
685. (iv) Misinterpretation in 20 aspects through views about individuality is 15 kinds of (xv) view of being and 5 kinds of (xvi) view of non-being.
686. (v) Misinterpretation in 15 aspects through views of eternity based on individuality is all (xv) view of being.
687. (vi) Misinterpretation in 5 aspects through views of annihilation based on individuality is all (xvi) view of non-being.
688. (vii) [Misinterpretation in 50 aspects:]
(1) Misinterpretation in 5 aspects through views assuming finiteness thus “The world is eternal” is all (xv) view of being.
(2) Misinterpretation in 5 aspects through views assuming finiteness thus “The world is not eternal” is all (xvi) view of non-being.
689. (3) Misinterpretation in 5 aspects through views assuming finiteness thus “The world is finite” can [all] be either (xv) view of being or (xvi) view of non-being.
(4) Misinterpretation in 5 aspects through views assuming finiteness thus “The world is infinite” can [all] be either (xv) view of being or (xvi) view of non-being.
690. (5) Misinterpretation in 5 aspects through views assuming finiteness thus “The soul and the body are the same” is all (xvi) view of non-being.
(6) Misinterpretation in 5 aspects through views assuming finiteness thus “The soul is one, and the body is another” is all (xv) view of being.
691. (7) Misinterpretation in 5 aspects through views assuming finiteness thus “A Perfect One is after death” is all (xv) view of being.
(8) Misinterpretation in 5 aspects through views assuming finiteness thus “A Perfect One is not after death” is all (xvi) view of non-being.
(9) Misinterpretation in 5 aspects through views assuming finiteness thus “A Perfect One both is and is not after death” can [all] be either (xv) view of being or (xvi) view of non-being.
(10) Misinterpretation in 5 aspects through views assuming finiteness thus “A Perfect One neither is nor is not after death” can [all] be either (xv) view of being or (xvi) view of non-being.
692. (viii) Misinterpretation in 18 aspects through views about past finiteness can [all] be either (xv) view of being or (xvi) view of non-being.
693. (ix) Misinterpretation in 44 aspects through views about future finiteness can [all] be either (xv) view of being or (xvi) view of non-being.
694. (x) Misinterpretation in 18 aspects through views that fetter can [all] be either (xv) view of being or (xvi) view of non-being.
695. (xi) Misinterpretation in 18 aspects through views that shackle with the conceit “I” are all (xvi) view of non-being.
696. (xii) Misinterpretation in 18 aspects through views that shackle with the conceit “mine” are all (xv) view of being.
697. (xiii) Misinterpretation in 20 aspects through views associated with self theories is 15 kinds of (xv) view of being and 5 kinds of (xvi) view of non-being.
698. (xiv) Misinterpretation in 8 aspects through views associated with world theories can [all] be either (xv) view of being or (xvi) view of non-being.
699. All views are (i) hedonistic (attraction) views.
All views are (ii) views about self.
All views are (iii) wrong views.
All views are (iv) views about individuality.
All views are (vii) views assuming [by asserting or denying] finiteness
All views are (x) views that fetter.
All views are (xiii) views associated with self-theories.
700. The view of being, and the view of non-being: Rationalists make this pair their [sole] foundation; For they no knowledge have of that cessation, Whereof the world is wrong in its perception.
Section VI
701. “Bhikkhus, there are two kinds of views, and when deities and human beings are obsessed by them, some hold back and some overreach: only those with eyes see.
“And how do some hold back? Deities and human beings love being, delight in being, rejoice in being. When the True Idea is taught to them for the ceasing of being, their minds do not enter into it, become settled, steady and resolute. That is how some hold back.
“And how do some overreach? Some are ashamed, humiliated and disgusted by that same being, they delight in non-being thus ‘Sirs, when with the break-up of the body this self is cut off, annihilated, is not any more after death, that is peaceful, that is sublime, that is true’. That is how some overreach.
“And how do those with eyes see? Here a bhikkhu sees what is as what is. Having seen what is as what is, he has entered upon the way to dispassion for it, to the fading away of greed for it, to its cessation. That is how one with eyes sees.
“Who sees what is just as what is And also can transcend what is Resolves according as it is, With craving for being now exhausted. He fully knows what is, so craves No more for being and non-being, Then with the non-being of what is That bhikkhu has no further being” (It 43).
702. Three kinds of persons have mistaken views: three kinds of persons have accurate views.
What three kinds of persons have mistaken views? Teachers of other sects, their disciples, and anyone who has wrong view. These three kinds of persons have mistaken views.
What three kinds of persons have accurate views? Perfect Ones, their disciples, and anyone who has right view. These are the three kinds of persons who have accurate views.
703. “A man as Outcast may be known When full of wrath and enmity And insolence, and in his views Mistaken, and a fraud as well” (Sn 116). As Noble may be known the pure Who purify themselves from wrath And enmity, who in their views Are accurate, and wise as well.
704. Mistaken views are of three kinds; accurate views are of three kinds.
What are the three kinds of mistaken views? “This is mine” is a mistaken view. “This is I” is a mistaken view. “This is my self” is a mistaken view. These are the three kinds of mistaken views.
What are the three kinds of accurate views? “This is not mine” is an accurate view. “This is not I” is an accurate view. “This is not my self” is an accurate view. These are the three kinds of accurate views.
705. “This is mine”: what view is it? How many kinds of view is it? Which kind of finiteness are those kinds of view connected with?
“This is I”: what view is it? How many kinds of view is it? Which kind of finiteness are those kinds of view connected with?
“This is my self”: what view is it? How many kinds of view is it? Which kind of finiteness are those kinds of view connected with?
“This is mine”: it is (viii) a view about past finiteness. It is of 18 kinds. Those kinds of view are connected with past finiteness.
“This is I”: it is (ix) a view about future finiteness. It is of 44 kinds. Those kinds of view are connected with future finiteness.
“This is my self”: it is (ii) the view about self with 20 grounds and (iv) the view about individuality with 20 grounds. The 62 kinds of resort to views are headed by the view about individuality. Those kinds of views are connected with past finiteness and future finiteness.
706. “Bhikkhus, those who have found their goal in me are all possessed of [right] view. Of these who are possessed of [right] view, five find their goal here [in this kind of life], and five find their goal [in the Pure Abodes] after leaving this kind of life.
“What are the five who find their goal here? They are: One who will be reborn seven times at most (sattakkhattuparama), One who goes from noble family to noble family (kolaṅkola), One who germinates only once (ekabījin), the Once-returner (sakadāgāmin), and the Arahant in this life here and now. These five find their goal here [in this kind of life].
“What are the five who find their goal after leaving this kind of life? They are: One who attains nibbana early in his next existence (antarāparinibbāyin), One who attains nibbana more than half way through his next existence (upahaccaparinibbāyin), One who attains nibbana without prompting (asaṅkhāraparinibbāyin), One who attains nibbana with prompting (sasaṅkhāraparinibbāyin), One who is going upstream bound for the Highest Gods (uddhaṃsota-akaniṭṭhagāmin). These five find their goal after leaving this kind of life .
“Bhikkhus, those who have perfect confidence in me have all entered the stream. Of those who have entered the stream, five find their goal here [in this kind of life], and five find their goal after leaving this kind of life.
“What are the five who find their goal here? They are: One who will be reborn seven times at most, One who goes from noble family to noble family, One who germinates only once, the Once-returner, and the Arahant in this life here and now. These five find their goal here [in this kind of life].
“What are the five who find their goal after leaving this kind of life? They are: One who attains nibbana early in his next existence, One who attains nibbana more than half way through his next existence, One who attains nibbana without prompting, One who attains nibbana with prompting, One who is going upstream bound for the Highest Gods. These five find their goal after leaving this kind of life.
“Bhikkhus, those who have perfect confidence in me have all entered the stream. Of those who have entered the stream, these five find their goal here, and these five find their goal after leaving this kind of life”.
The Treatise on Views is completed.