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mn.120 Majjhima Nikāya (Middle Discourses)

Rebirth Based on Thought

Thus have I heard. On one occasion the Blessed One was dwelling at Sāvatthi, at Jeta‘s Grove, in Anāthapiṇḍika‘s Park. There the Blessed One addressed the monks: “Monks.” “Auspicious sir,” those monks replied to the Blessed One. The Blessed One said this: “Monks, I will teach you about rebirth based on thought. Listen to this and carefully pay attention; I will speak.” “Yes, Bhante,” those monks replied to the Blessed One. The Blessed One said this:

“Monks, here a monk has faith, morality, learning, generosity, and wisdom. He thinks, ‘When I am separated from my body, after dying, may I be reborn as a wealthy aristocrat!’ He sets his mind to this, he resolves his mind on this, he develops his mind for this. Since his thoughts and behaviors are developed and frequently directed in this way, they lead to that kind of rebirth. Monks, this is the practice which leads to that kind of rebirth.

“Again, monks, a monk has faith, morality, learning, generosity, and wisdom. He thinks, ‘When I am separated from my body, after dying, may I be reborn as a wealthy brahmin!’ He sets his mind to this, he resolves his mind on this, he develops his mind for this. Since his thoughts and behaviors are developed and frequently directed in this way, they lead to that kind of rebirth. Monks, this is the practice which leads to that kind of rebirth.

“Again, monks, a monk has faith, morality, learning, generosity, and wisdom. He thinks, ‘When I am separated from my body, after dying, may I be reborn as a wealthy householder!’ He sets his mind to this, he resolves his mind on this, he develops his mind for this. Since his thoughts and behaviors are developed and frequently directed in this way, they lead to that kind of rebirth. Monks, this is the practice which leads to that kind of rebirth.

“Again, monks, a monk has faith, morality, learning, generosity, and wisdom. He has heard, ‘The angels in the realm of the Four Great Kings have longevity, beauty, and a lot of pleasure.’ He thinks, ‘When I am separated from my body, after dying, may I be reborn as an angel in the realm of the Four Great Kings!’ He sets his mind to this, he resolves his mind on this, he develops his mind for this. Since his thoughts and behaviors are developed and frequently directed in this way, they lead to that kind of rebirth. Monks, this is the practice which leads to that kind of rebirth.

“Again, monks, a monk has faith, morality, learning, generosity, and wisdom. He has heard, ‘The angels in the realm of the Thirty-Three… the angels of Time1… the angels of Contentment… the angels who delight in creating… the angels who control the creations of others have longevity, beauty, and a lot of pleasure.’ He thinks, ‘When I am separated from my body, after dying, may I be reborn as an angel who controls the creations of others!’ He sets his mind to this, he resolves his mind on this, he develops his mind for this. Since his thoughts and behaviors are developed and frequently directed in this way, they lead to that kind of rebirth. Monks, this is the practice which leads to that kind of rebirth.

“Again, monks, a monk has faith, morality, learning, generosity, and wisdom. He has heard, ‘The Brahmas of One Thousand have longevity, beauty, and a lot of pleasure.’ Monks, a Brahma of One Thousand is pervasive throughout and focused on one thousand worlds, as well as any beings that are reborn there. Monks, just as a person with eyes might pick up a piece of fruit in his hand and look at it, in the same way, monks, a Brahma of One Thousand is pervasive throughout and focused on one thousand worlds, as well as any beings that are reborn there. The monk thinks, ‘When I am separated from my body, after dying, may I be reborn as a Brahma of One Thousand!’ He sets his mind to this, he resolves his mind on this, he develops his mind for this. Since his thoughts and behaviors are developed and frequently directed in this way, they lead to that kind of rebirth. Monks, this is the practice which leads to that kind of rebirth.

“Again, monks, a monk has faith, morality, learning, generosity, and wisdom. He has heard, ‘The Brahmas of Two Thousand… Three Thousand… Four Thousand… Five Thousand…’ …Just as a person with eyes might pick up five pieces of fruit… He sets his mind to this, he resolves his mind on this, he develops his mind for this… Monks, this is the practice which leads to that kind of rebirth.

“Again, monks, a monk has faith, morality, learning, generosity, and wisdom. He has heard, ‘The Brahmas of Ten Thousand…’ …Just as a shining beryl gem, pure, eight-faceted, well-polished, and placed on a yellow cloth shines, radiates, and glows, in the same way, monks, a Brahma of Ten Thousand is pervasive throughout and focused on ten thousand worlds… He sets his mind to this, he resolves his mind on this, he develops his mind for this… Monks, this is the practice which leads to that kind of rebirth.

“Again, monks, a monk has faith, morality, learning, generosity, and wisdom. He has heard, ‘The Brahmas of One Hundred Thousand…’ …Just as a gold ring skillfully smelted and wrought by a master goldsmith and placed on a yellow cloth shines, radiates, and glows, in the same way, monks, a Brahma of One Hundred Thousand is pervasive throughout and focused on one hundred thousand worlds… He sets his mind to this, he resolves his mind on this, he develops his mind for this… Monks, this is the practice which leads to that kind of rebirth.

“Again, monks, a monk has faith, morality, learning, generosity, and wisdom. He has heard, ‘The Luminous Angels… the Limited-Luminosity Angels… the Immeasurable-Luminosity Angels… the Luminosity-Stream Angels have longevity, beauty, and a lot of pleasure.’ He thinks, ‘When I am separated from my body, after dying, may I be reborn as a Luminosity-Stream Angel!’ …Monks, this is the practice which leads to that kind of rebirth.

“Again, monks, a monk has faith, morality, learning, generosity, and wisdom. He has heard, ‘The Limited-Radiance Angels… the Immeasurable-Radiance Angels… the Pervasive-Radiance Angels have longevity, beauty, and a lot of pleasure.’ He thinks, ‘When I am separated from my body, after dying, may I be reborn as a Pervasive-Radiance Angel!’ …Monks, this is the practice which leads to that kind of rebirth.

“Again, monks, a monk has faith, morality, learning, generosity, and wisdom. He has heard, ‘The Vehapphala Angels… the Aviha Angels… the Atappa Angels… the Sudassa Angels… the Sudassi Angels… the Akaniṭṭha Angels have longevity, beauty, and a lot of pleasure.’ He thinks, ‘When I am separated from my body, after dying, may I be reborn as an Akaniṭṭha Angel!’ …Monks, this is the practice which leads to that kind of rebirth.

“Again, monks, a monk has faith, morality, learning, generosity, and wisdom. He has heard, ‘The angels in the domain of infinite consciousness… the angels in the domain of infinite space… the angels in the domain of nothingness… the angels in the domain of neither perception nor non-perception have longevity, beauty, and a lot of pleasure.’ He thinks, ‘When I am separated from my body, after dying, may I be reborn as an angel in the domain of neither perception nor non-perception!’ …Monks, this is the practice which leads to that kind of rebirth.

“Again, monks, a monk has faith, morality, learning, generosity, and wisdom. He thinks, ‘From the elimination of the corruptions, may I attain and dwell in the incorruptible mental liberation – liberation by wisdom – having personally realized it here and now with higher knowledge!’ He attains and dwells in the incorruptible mental liberation – liberation by wisdom – having personally realized it here and now with higher knowledge. Monks, this monk is not reborn anywhere.”

This is what the Blessed One said. Satisfied, those monks delighted in the Blessed One‘s speech.

- Translator: Suddhāso Bhikkhu

- Editor: Aminah Borg-Luck


Rebirth by Choice


Now the Brahmā of five thousand meditates determined on pervading a galaxy of five thousand solar systems,
So I have heard.
At one time the Buddha was staying near Sāvatthī in Jeta’s Grove, Anāthapiṇḍika’s monastery.
There the Buddha addressed the mendicants,
“Mendicants!”
“Venerable sir,” they replied.
The Buddha said this:
“I shall teach you rebirth by choice.
Listen and pay close attention, I will speak.”
“Yes, sir,” they replied.
The Buddha said this:
“Take a mendicant who has faith, ethics, learning, generosity, and wisdom.
They think:
‘If only, when my body breaks up, after death, I would be reborn in the company of well-to-do aristocrats!’
They settle on that thought, stabilize it and develop it.
Those choices and meditations of theirs, developed and cultivated like this, lead to rebirth there.
This is the path and the practice that leads to rebirth there.
Furthermore, take a mendicant who has faith, ethics, learning, generosity, and wisdom.
They think:
‘If only, when my body breaks up, after death, I would be reborn in the company of well-to-do brahmins …
well-to-do householders.’
They settle on that thought, stabilize it and develop it.
Those choices and meditations of theirs, developed and cultivated like this, lead to rebirth there.
This is the path and the practice that leads to rebirth there.
Furthermore, take a mendicant who has faith, ethics, learning, generosity, and wisdom.
And they’ve heard:
‘The Gods of the Four Great Kings are long-lived, beautiful, and very happy.’
They think:
‘If only, when my body breaks up, after death, I would be reborn in the company of the Gods of the Four Great Kings!’
They settle on that thought, stabilize it and develop it.
Those choices and meditations of theirs, developed and cultivated like this, lead to rebirth there.
This is the path and the practice that leads to rebirth there.
Furthermore, take a mendicant who has faith, ethics, learning, generosity, and wisdom.
And they’ve heard:
‘The Gods of the Thirty-Three …
the Gods of Yama …
the Joyful Gods …
the Gods Who Love to Create …
the Gods Who Control the Creations of Others are long-lived, beautiful, and very happy.’
They think:
‘If only, when my body breaks up, after death, I would be reborn in the company of the Gods Who Control the Creations of Others!’
They settle on that thought, stabilize it and develop it.
Those choices and meditations of theirs, developed and cultivated like this, lead to rebirth there.
This is the path and the practice that leads to rebirth there.
Furthermore, take a mendicant who has faith, ethics, learning, generosity, and wisdom.
And they’ve heard:
‘The Brahmā of a thousand is long-lived, beautiful, and very happy.’
Now the Brahmā of a thousand meditates determined on pervading a galaxy of a thousand solar systems,
as well as the sentient beings reborn there.
As a person might pick up a gallnut in their hand and examine it,
so too the Brahmā of a thousand meditates determined on pervading a galaxy of a thousand solar systems,
as well as the sentient beings reborn there.
They think:
‘If only, when my body breaks up, after death, I would be reborn in the company of the Brahmā of a thousand!’
They settle on that thought, stabilize it and develop it.
Those choices and meditations of theirs, developed and cultivated like this, lead to rebirth there.
This is the path and the practice that leads to rebirth there.
Furthermore, take a mendicant who has faith, ethics, learning, generosity, and wisdom.


And they’ve heard:
‘The Brahmā of two thousand …
the Brahmā of three thousand …
the Brahmā of four thousand …
the Brahmā of five thousand is long-lived, beautiful, and very happy.’

as well as the sentient beings reborn there.
As a person might pick up five gallnuts in their hand and examine them,
so too the Brahmā of five thousand meditates determined on pervading a galaxy of five thousand solar systems,
as well as the sentient beings reborn there.
They think:
‘If only, when my body breaks up, after death, I would be reborn in the company of the Brahmā of five thousand!’
They settle on that thought, stabilize it and develop it.
Those choices and meditations of theirs, developed and cultivated like this, lead to rebirth there.
This is the path and the practice that leads to rebirth there.
Furthermore, take a mendicant who has faith, ethics, learning, generosity, and wisdom.


And they’ve heard:
‘The Brahmā of ten thousand is long-lived, beautiful, and very happy.’
Now the Brahmā of ten thousand meditates determined on pervading a galaxy of ten thousand solar systems,
as well as the sentient beings reborn there.
Suppose there was a beryl gem that was naturally beautiful, eight-faceted, well-worked. When placed on a cream rug it would shine and glow and radiate.
In the same way the Brahmā of ten thousand meditates determined on pervading a galaxy of ten thousand solar systems,
as well as the sentient beings reborn there.
They think:
‘If only, when my body breaks up, after death, I would be reborn in the company of the Brahmā of ten thousand!’
They settle on that thought, stabilize it and develop it.
Those choices and meditations of theirs, developed and cultivated like this, lead to rebirth there.
This is the path and the practice that leads to rebirth there.
Furthermore, take a mendicant who has faith, ethics, learning, generosity, and wisdom.



And they’ve heard:
‘The Brahmā of a hundred thousand is long-lived, beautiful, and very happy.’
Now the Brahmā of a hundred thousand meditates determined on pervading a galaxy of a hundred thousand solar systems,
as well as the sentient beings reborn there.
Suppose there was a pendant of river gold, fashioned by an expert smith, well wrought in the forge. When placed on a cream rug it would shine and glow and radiate.
In the same way the Brahmā of a hundred thousand meditates determined on pervading a galaxy of a hundred thousand solar systems,
as well as the sentient beings reborn there.
They think:
‘If only, when my body breaks up, after death, I would be reborn in the company of the Brahmā of a hundred thousand!’
They settle on that thought, stabilize it and develop it.
Those choices and meditations of theirs, developed and cultivated like this, lead to rebirth there.
This is the path and the practice that leads to rebirth there.
Furthermore, take a mendicant who has faith, ethics, learning, generosity, and wisdom.



And they’ve heard:
‘The Radiant Gods …
the Gods of Limited Radiance …
the Gods of Limitless Radiance …
the Gods of Streaming Radiance …










the Gods of Limited Glory …
the Gods of Limitless Glory …
the Gods Replete with Glory …










the Gods of Abundant Fruit …
the Gods of Aviha …
the Gods of Atappa …
the Gods Fair to See …
the Fair Seeing Gods …
the Gods of Akaniṭṭha …










the gods of the dimension of infinite space …










the gods of the dimension of infinite consciousness …








the gods of the dimension of nothingness …
the gods of the dimension of neither perception nor non-perception are long-lived, beautiful, and very happy.’
They think:
‘If only, when my body breaks up, after death, I would be reborn in the company of the gods of the dimension of neither perception nor non-perception!’
They settle on that thought, stabilize it and develop it.
Those choices and meditations of theirs, developed and cultivated like this, lead to rebirth there.
This is the path and the practice that leads to rebirth there.
Furthermore, take a mendicant who has faith, ethics, learning, generosity, and wisdom.



They think:
‘If only I might realize the undefiled freedom of heart and freedom by wisdom in this very life, and live having realized it with my own insight due to the ending of defilements.’
They realize the undefiled freedom of heart and freedom by wisdom in this very life. And they live having realized it with their own insight due to the ending of defilements.
And, mendicants, that mendicant is not reborn anywhere.”
That is what the Buddha said.
Satisfied, the mendicants were happy with what the Buddha said.